Chapters 15 & 16 – Psychological Disorders
Read through chapters 15 and 16 in your textbook. Select and describe a particular disorder that interests you (bipolar disorders, autism, agoraphobia, borderline personality disorder, etc.) as well as a concomitant form of treatment (behavioral and cognitive therapies, psychotherapy) designed to help manage the disorder of your choice. Once you’ve chosen your disorder, apply it to a character from a book, TV show, movie, or an individual that you may know in real life (keep them anonymous and use pseudonyms or alternative names) that seems to have this condition. What makes you believe that that particular individual might have this disorder based on the symptomatic behavioral manifestations they are exhibiting? What form of treatment or therapy would be best for them?
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In the field of psychology, disorders that impair any aspect of an individual’s functionality are of great interest and concern. Psychologists and other health care professionals strive to research, understand and diagnose these debilitating conditions that alter an individual’s way of life. Of the many diagnosable disorders, Schizophrenia is a particularly devastating mental disorder that impairs one’s ability to function normally and causes them to lose touch with reality (Schacter, Gilbert, Nock, & Wegner, 2017).
Like all mental disorders, schizophrenia has its own underlying neuroanatomical basis that conduces to its characteristic symptoms. Specifically, the lateral ventricles in schizophrenics are enlarged (Schacter et al., 2017), which conduces to a loss of cortical tissue. Subsequently this may result in hypofrontality, wherein schizophrenics have decreased activities in their frontal lobes and with carrying out executive functions. In addition, this reduction in cortical matter may give rise to a variety of positive and negative symptoms (Schacter et al., 2017).
Positive symptoms are an additional element to a schizophrenic’s experience of reality and are usually averse. The most prominent of these positive symptoms are auditory hallucinations, wherein an individual can hear threatening, insidious voices that haunt them (Schacter et al., 2017). Other positive symptoms include fanciful delusions of people plotting against them, or delusions of grandeur in which schizophrenics believe that they are superior to others. Negative symptoms, on the other hand, consist of an absence in experience. With this there is a flattened emotional affect or absence of emotional experiences, and even social withdrawal (Schacter et al., 2017).
In the movie, A Beautiful Mind, character, John Nash, demonstrates a range of symptoms characteristic to a schizophrenia diagnosis. For example, Nash frequently experiences both auditory and visual hallucinations and delusions that manifest themselves in his old roommate and governmental programs. Nash believes that he has been invited to a secret United States Department of Defense facility in the Pentagon and experiences unlikely and grandiose paranoia’s surrounding their intent with his mathematical abilities. These symptoms alter Nash’s daily life and functioning so much that he nearly causes the death of his own son.
Evidence-based practice suggests that the best treatment for those with schizophrenia is a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapy (Schacter et al., 2017). Drugs, such as Clozapine, work on the dopamine receptors in the brain by antagonizing them or preventing dopamine receptors from being activated when dopamine binds to it (Schacter et al., 2017). This suggests that in schizophrenia there is increased dopaminergic activity that may lead to these positive symptoms of delusions and hallucinations. Taking Clozapine, however, helps to abate the occurrence of these positive symptoms as dopamine activity is reduced.
In conclusion, schizophrenia is a debilitating disorder that alters the functionality of the individual through both positive and negative symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions and catatonia. John Nash demonstrates a variety of these symptoms in A Beautiful Mind. In the movie, he is given antipsychotic medication and is able to return to a functional lifestyle of teaching.
Reference
Schacter, D.L., D.T. Gilbert, M.K., Nock, and D.M.,Wegner (2017). Psychology (4th
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