*Corresponding author: Giulio Tarro
President of the T&L de Beaumont Bonelli Foundation for Cancer Research, Italy
ISSN: 0976-3031
Research Article
PATHOGENESIS OF COVID-19 AND THE BODY’S RESPONSES
Giulio Tarro
President of the T&L de Beaumont Bonelli Foundation for Cancer Research, Italy
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1103.5209
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Children are infected with the virus without suffering a serious disease and represent an important
source of infection. It has been experimentally proven that young mice respond to lung tissue
damage from viral infection through prostaglandins, while adult mice succumb. The angiotensinconverting
enzyme (ACE) 2 receptor is particularly abundant on the cells of the lower lung
pathways, whose situation explains the high incidence of bronchitis and pneumonia related to the
severe infection of COVID-19. A fall in ACE2 activity in the elderly is partly responsible for the
decreased ability to reduce the inflammatory response with old age. The reduction of ACE2
receptors in older adults puts them in a position where they are unable to cope with COVID-19. In
Italy from the details of the medical records of the current hospitalized as well as those discharged
healed and unfortunately the victims do not seem to have any foreigner in the sense of a non-EU
citizen.Non-EU citizens are all covered by a tuberculosis vaccine which is part of a coverage
protocol provided by the Local Health Unit.It seems that flu vaccination favors coronavirus
infection, even greater than 36% as reported by an American military study. Both meningococcal
and pneumociccic disease have been associated with the activity of influenza and respiratory
syncytial viruses.The Istituto Superiore della Sanità recently stated that few deaths are from
coronavirus and instead most put of them from other pathologies (cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes,
etc.). This suggests that the overall clinical consequences of COVID-19 could ultimately be similar
to that of severe seasonal flu, which has a fatality rate of approximately 0.1%, or pandemic influenza
such as that of 1957 or 1968. , rather than those of SARS or MERS, characterized respectively by a
fatality of 10% and 36%.
INTRODUCTION
According to the experience of the first SARS and of
the MERS, the children were not exposed to the civet cat and
camels in a similar way (1).It was thought that the same fact
could take place with the SARS from COVID-19 (2). Indeed
children are infected with the virus without suffering a serious
disease and represent an important source of infection. The
virus is found in their rectal swabs.
Growing with age many specific cells of the immune system
are no longer active and therefore the body loses its ability to
respond effectively. In fact, it has been experimentally proven
that young mice respond to lung tissue damage from viral
infection through prostaglandins, while adult mice succumb.
The juvenile immune system and its efficient T Helper cells
respond to SARS COVID 2. The Helper
cell’s CD4 lymphocytes stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
against the virus and control infection. In this
case Th2 lymphocytes are able to control the inflammatory
response caused by the viral infection, preventing an exuberant
and delayed reaction as occurs in adults. The different
hormonal structure and the same proglandins favor the female
subject against the coronavirus responsible for the current
pandemic.
Another important discussion concerns the ACE2 receptor, that
is, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Both the
first SARS and the current SARS have the same cellular entry
route through this receptor for coronaviruses (3). The receptor
is particularly abundant on the cells of the lower lung
pathways, whose situation explains the high incidence of
bronchitis and pneumonia related to the severe infection
of COVID-19(4). The same receptor is abundantly represented
on the mouth and tongue facilitating the viral entry of the host
organism. Despite its reduction with adulthood, the ACE2
enzyme is an important regulator of the immune response, in
particular inflammation protects mice against acute lung
damage triggered by sepsis. In 2014 it was shown that the
ACE2 enzyme protects against lethal avian influenza. Some of
the best-performing patients had high levels of the protein in
their serum. By blocking the gene for ACE2, severe lung
Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com
International Journal of
Recent Scientific
International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research
Vol. 11, Issue, 03 (D), pp. 37940-37942, March, 2020
Copyright © Giulio Tarro, 2020, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR
CODEN: IJRSFP (USA)
Article History:
Received 6th December, 2019
Received in revised form 15th
January, 2020
Accepted 12th February, 2020
Published online 28th March, 2020
Key Words:
Coronavirus, SARS, MERS, TB vaccine,
viral interference
International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 03 (D), pp. 37940-37942, March, 2020
37941 | P a g e
damage was observed in mice infected with H5N1, while with
the treatment of mice with human ACE2, lung damage
decreased.
A fall in ACE2 activity in the elderly is partly responsible for
the decreased ability to reduce the inflammatory response with
old age. The reduction of ACE2 receptors in older adults puts
them in a position where they are unable to cope with COVID-
19.
Primary complex and tuberculosis vaccine
In Italy from the details of the medical records of the current
hospitalized as well as those discharged healed and
unfortunately the victims do not seem to have any foreigner in
the sense of a non-EU citizen (5). It seems that these subjects,
which for some municipalities in the North are even the
majority, may have a normal flu-like syndrome (from
coronavirus) without developing any criticality. It seems that
they behave like Italian children who did not get pneumonia
because they were vaccinated against turbercolosis, a
vaccination that lasts for twenty years. After twenty years they
begin to get sick with tuberculosis as now with COVID-19.
Non-EU citizens are all covered by a tuberculosis vaccine
which is part of a coverage protocol provided by the Local
Health Unit.
Viruses have no prejudices neither of sex, nor of census, nor of
ethnicity. About 90% of people infected with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis have an asymptomatic TB infection (also called
LTBCI, from latent tuberculsis infection), and
only 10% chance in life that a latent infection develops in TB
(6).
Tuberculous infection begins when mycobacteria reach the
lung alveoli, where they attack and replicate within the alveolar
macrophages. The primary site of infection in the lungs is
called the Ghon outbreak. The bacteria are collected by the
dendritic cells, which do not allow their replication but which
can transport the bacilli to the local mediastinal lymph nodes.
The primary lesion of the mycrobacterium accompanied by
satellite adenopathy represents the “primary complex”, in
which the bacilli remain walled up without giving rise to
clinical manifestations, but can resume their pathological
activity and spread in the organism especially following an
immunodeficiency of the individual. During the World Wars it
was the colored troops who were cut down by the White
Tuberculosis and not vice versa. Obviously it could also be that
on return a defed white man, without adequate food, stressed
for the war, could in turn contract it from foreigners but the
norm was that the “colored” soldiers contracted it from the
Whites (6).
In the Sierra de Ecuador, normally everyone received TB
vaccination, only in recent years there has been discussion
about whether to make it optional. This would confirm the
observation that in the Sierra cases of manifest infection
of COVID-19 are very few.
In Australia tests on 4 thousand doctors and nurses with the
tuberculosis vaccine took place www1.racgp.org.au (The Royal
Australian College of General Practitioners).
Viral interference
In Italy there are multiple factors that may have interacted
together and that explain the situation. Contacts with the
Chinese virus are presumed to have been greater in the Center-
North than in the Center-South. Add to this the concomitance
of the environmental and climatological situations, different
between North and South of Italy, even going as far as to
hypothesize that over the weeks an indigenous Padan
coronavirus has formed, different from the Chinese one. Other
possibilities emerge from the situations of Bergamo and
Brescia above all, where it is assumed that the circulation of
other viruses may have facilitated the action of SARS-Cov-2.
The problem, however, was above all upstream: namely, not
having enough intensive care beds, mostly occupied already
because of the annual flu. It seems that flu vaccination favors
coronavirus infection, even greater than 36% as reported by an
American military study: (7).On the other hand, since there has
been a recent emerging meningitis, 34,000 people have been
vaccinated between Brescia and Bergamo. There has been a
publication of Dutch scholars printed by a scientific journal of
the University of Cambridge in which both meningococcal and
pneumococcic disease have been associated with the activity of
influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses (8).
COVID-19 mortality rate
The Istituto Superiore della Sanità recently stated that few
deaths are related to coronavirus and instead most of them to
other pathologies (cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, etc.), 29 out
of 909.
The mortality rate associated with COVID-19 may be
considerably less than 1%, rather than the 2% reported by some
groups, as stated by Anthony Fauci of the U.S. National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases based on a report
focusing on 1099 patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-
19 from 552 Chinese hospitals(9). These patients had a broad
spectrum of disease severity, and if it is assumed that the
number of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic cases is
several units of magnitude greater than that of the reported
cases, the fatality rate of the disease would fall far below
1%(9).
This suggests that the overall clinical consequences of COVD-
19 could ultimately be similar to that of severe seasonal flu,
which has a fatality rate of approximately 0.1%, or pandemic
influenza such as that of 1957 or 1968. , rather than those of
SARS or MERS, characterized respectively by a fatality of
10% and 36%.Passive immunotheraphy has been suggested for
coronavirus (10).
Acknowledgments
The authors thank for their support: Foundation T&L de
Beaumont Bonelli for Cancer Research Napoli – Italy,
www.fondazionebonelli.org.
References
1. Animal and human coronaviruses. COJ Technical
Scientific Research, in press.
2. Fan W. et al. A new coronavirus associated with human
respiratory disease in China. Nature vol 579, 12 March
2020.
Giulio Tarro., Pathogenesis of Covid-19 and the Body’s Responses
37942 | P a g e
3. Tarro G. the new coronavirus from the chinese city of
Wuhan. International Journal of Recent Scientific
Research, vo. 11, Issue 01 (D), pp. 36901-36902,
January 2020.
4. Peng Z. et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a
new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature vol 579,
12 March 2020.
5. Tarro G. The spread of the new coronavirus. Asian
Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 69, Issue 03,
pp. 2020.
6. Tarro G. The case of tuberculosis in Heatlh without
borders 5, A medicine for man, CHIRON, Torre
Annunziata (NA), 2012.
7. Krause B. Flu Vaccine Increases Coronavirus Risk 36%
Says Military Study. Disabled Veterans.org
https://www.disabledveterans.org/2020/03/11
8. Jansen A.G.S.C., Sanders E.A.M., Van Der Ende A.,
Van Loon A.M., Hoes A.W. and Hak E. invasive
pneumococcal and meningococcal disease: association
with influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus
activity? Epidemiology Infect, 136, 1448-1454, 2008.
9. Fauci A., Clifford L. and Redfield R. Covid-19 –
Navigating the Uncharted. The New England Journal of
Medicine, 11 March 2020.
10. Karpas A. and Bainbridge D. passive immunotherapy for
coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2). Annals of Medical &
Surgical Case Report ISSN: 2652-4414.
How to cite this article:
Giulio Tarro.2020, Pathogenesis of Covid-19 and the Body’s Responses. Int J Recent Sci Res. 11(03), pp. 37940-37942.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1103.5209
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