Argument (non-research, meaning you don’t look for outside sources!) – Proving a point, arguing is an opinion. To argue is to convince others that our position is reasonable; to influence the way others think; to persuade them to change their point of view or take some action.
1- Have a thesis; have a clear position – have an arguable other side; can include reasons in thesis; no “I”, “you” in this essay!
2- Have solid, sound reasons to support your position as topic sentences.
3- Provide logical, appropriate evidence to support your reasons – kinds of support – sources (paraphrases or quotes) that you can think of; facts – common knowledge; hypothetical example; case studies, observations, experiments; current events. DON’T BORROW IN ARGUMENT UNLESS OTHERWISE INSTRUCTED!
4- Organize – use transitions throughout; order emphatically least to most important; save the best for last
5- Consider common ground – what points can both sides agree on?
6- Consider all sides – refute – brings up a specific flaw someone else might see in your argument; bring it up, address it, and explain why it’s wrong OR brings up a specific flaw in the opposing argument, addresses it, and explains what’s wrong with it. PLACEMENT: 2nd or 3rd body paragraph.
7- Be a trustworthy arguer; *Ethos (credibility), Pathos (emotion), Logos (logic); avoid logical fallacies (untruths); avoid purely emotional evidence; avoid attacking the arguer.
8- Can use other modes to strengthen argument – definition; process; explain problems; C & C; observations; hypothetical situations; refutations
*Ethos, Logos, Pathos are Greek terms: Ethos, or ethical appeal means to convince an audience of the author’s credibility or character. An author would use ethos to show to his audience that he is a credible source and is worth listening to. Logos, or “word,” means to us logic to convince an audience by use of reason. To use logos would be to cite facts and statistics, historical and literal analogies, and citing certain authorities on a subject. Pathos, or emotional appeal, means to persuade an audience by appealing to their emotions. Authors use pathos to invoke sympathy from an audience.
Logical Fallacies are errors in reasoning. Here are a few examples:
– Oversimplification: offering a simple solution to a complex problem: “We have a trade deficit because foreigners make better products than we do.”
– Hasty Generalization – Using too little evidence to arrive at a conclusion: “My grandparents, like most older folks, don’t understand their social security benefits.”
– “After this, therefore because of this” – Just because one event came BEFORE the other doesn’t mean one CAUSED the other: “I went swimming yesterday, and the next thing I know, I have a cold.”
– False Analogy – comparing two incomparable things: “If we can put a man on the moon, we should be able to cure the common cold.”
Argument essay outline
Thesis: indicates a position from the topic – comes from a given task of assignment – Single moms are entering the workforce much more now than in the past BECAUSE . . .
-Bp1 – ts. Reason to support your argument ONE REASON WHY SINGLE MOMS ARE ENTERING THE WORK FOR IS THAT . . .
Give ideas for support
Stevenson quotes? Pages? Hypothetical example? – provide an example of possible/ probably situation – scenario
-Bp2 – ts. Reason to support your argument.
Give ideas for support
Stevenson quotes? Pages? Analogy? Current event?
OTHER KINDS OF BODY PARAGRAPHS YOU CAN WRITE:
a. Refutation paragraph – we’ll study & practice these paragraphs separately!
When refuting, you address the opposing point of view in your essay and demonstrate a way it might be wrong. In the process, your own claim is made stronger and you neutralize the opposite argument.
What is an opposing idea?
EX: “Critics of arming teachers in the classroom might say that . . .”
What opposing point are you highlighting? How do you intend to prove it wrong?
Stevenson quote that can help prove it wrong? Pages?
b. Common ground paragraph
Presents points related to the issue that both sides can agree on; prioritize 1, 2, or 3 specific points. Presenting common ground generates good will between the writer and reader and helps avoid arguing points on which both sides already agree.
EX: “Most people, supporters and opponents alike, can agree that . . .”
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