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The rest of the semester will focus on Rhetorical Analysis. This is what you just did with the
Happy Meal article, but we are writing it down now instead of doing it in our heads. Basically
we’re going to apply everything we’ve learned about ethos, pathos, logos, types of arguments
(definition, proposal, causal, etc.), and fallacies to talk about articles written by other people.
When you write your next paper and your final exam, you are going to primarily discuss ethos,
pathos, and logos (the rhetorical appeals).
**The subject/topic of the article that you analyze is NOT IMPORTANT. You do not have to
agree or disagree with the author’s opinion in order to analyze the argument. Any personal
feelings/biases that you have about the essay are irrelevant.
Rhetorical analysis is discussion of an article or argument that focuses on the author’s use of
rhetoric. You will identify uses of rhetoric within the article (pathos, ethos, and logos), and then
explain how and why the author used those rhetorical appeals.
Every paragraph of your paper should include the words “ethos,” “pathos,” “logos,” or
“fallacy.”
Your next paper and the final exam will require you to do identify rhetorical appeals within an
argument (article) AND explain why you identified each rhetorical appeal the way you did.
Here is an example of what you should write in your analysis paper:
The author writes, “Anyone who has the means should adopt an animal because pets are what
make us human” (3). This is an example of pathos because it pulls at the audience’s heart
strings.
You select a direct quote from the article that you read, cite it, and then explain WHY it is pathos
(or ethos or logos or a fallacy).
Another couple of examples:
The author writes, “75% of Americans own pets” (5). This is an example of logos because it
contains a statistic.
The author explains, “I am a veterinarian and have worked with the ASPCA for ten years” (4).
This is ethos because it describes the author’s credentials and experience.
Your paper will be about how well the author of an article argues. You’re going to talk
about ethos, pathos, logos, possibly types of arguments (definition, proposal, causal,
etc.), and fallacies in each body paragraph. You will NOT summarize the article or talk
about whether or not you agree with the author in the body of your paper.
**You only discuss the topic of the article in the introduction and possibly the conclusion. Your
analysis paper will be about rhetoric/argument (remember – it’s called rhetorical analysis) and
how well the author argues, NOT what they argue about.**
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When you write your upcoming Analysis Paper and final exam, you must use formal
language.
Formal language does not use slang (dude, cool, text talk, and contractions like don’t). It also
uses third person (he, she, they, one, the author, the audience); it does NOT use first or second
person (I, we, you, our, us, me, my, mine, your). You should also NOT talk about your paper in
your paper. Use correct grammar, punctuation, and word choice.
One good way to practice using formal language is to read a formal essay, such as something
from Time magazine or an example essay from the textbook, immediately before you write your
paper.
Another good trick is to use the “find” function on your computer to search for apostrophes. This
will allow you to easily locate all of the contractions; just be careful not to change possessive
nouns.
Paragraph Structure for body paragraphs of your Analysis Paper:
Topic sentence. Example. Explanation of example. Concluding or transition sentence.
The author uses many examples of pathos throughout the article. “We all love puppies because
they are cute and loyal” (5). This is pathos and emotional because it uses the word “love,”
which is an emotion. “Puppies are considered to be friendly and make people happier as they
grow old” (7). This is another example of pathos because it describes emotions and an
emotional subject, puppies. In addition to pathos, the author also uses ethos.
Thesis format: “The author argues the goal successfully/unsuccessfully because (s)he uses
ethos, pathos, logos, and/or fallacies.”
Example: Dr. Martin Luther King argues successfully that all kids should be given the
opportunity to follow their dreams of equality because he uses many pathos and ethos appeals.
Dr. Martin Luther King argues successfully with pathos and ethos appeals because he believes
that all kids should be given the opportunity to follow their dreams of equality.
The rhetorical appeals that you use in your thesis MUST be the same ones that you discuss in
your body paragraphs.
In-text citations for your Analysis Paper ONLY need the page number because you are ONLY
using one source (the assigned article).
Example: “Everyone loves puppies” (75).
Your bibliography for your Analysis Paper should follow the Website example on page three of
the MLA handout…
Example:
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Cliffe, Nicole. “How I Pray.” The Toast, 13 Oct. 2015, thetoast.net/2015/10/13/onprayer/.
Accessed 10 Dec. 2018.
In this example, Nicole Cliffe is the author. “How I Pray” is the title of the article. The Toast (in
italics) is the name of the website. 13 Oct. 2015 is the date that the article was created, and
thetoast.net… is the URL/website address. 10 Dec. 2018 is the date that it was accessed by the
student who is writing the paper.
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